Top 9 Best Car Dash Cam 2022 – 2023 [BUYER’S GUIDE]

1, Dual Dash Cam Car Dashboard Camera Recorder FHD 

heshunze FHD 1080P Dual Dash Camera
Compact size, easy to install, won’t disturb the driver’s sight. Capture accurate, detailed and real-time recordings in your driving journey.
Warm Tips:
▷supports a Class 10, 32GB max micro SD card (Not Included). Please format it on the camera before use. Note: SD card is not included.
▷The battery of the cam is only for emergence file back up. External power is required for operation.
▷If you have any questions or needs, please feel free to contact our after-sale support team, we will solve your problem in time.
• Dual Dash Cam
• 4.0 Inch Large IPS Screen
• Loop Recording
• WDR Technology
• G-Sensor
• Night Vision
• Motion Detection
• Parking Monitoring
Dual FHD 1080P&4 Inch IPS Screen
1080P Full HD and 4 inch large screen display the road condition in real time, perfect dash cam for taxis, Uber, rideshare, lyft drivers, commuters, and families, provides drivers and passengers with optimum protection. providing you the best visual experience.
Ultra-170-degree Wide View
6 glass lens with infrared optical filter allows more clear and bright images. 170°wide viewing angle helps you clearly captures more details to reduce video shooting blind area and captures more of the environment, including cross traffic.
WDR & Great Night Vision
The combination of F1.8 aperture and WDR technology provide adaptive sensitivity of light to enhances the clarity both day and night. It makes the night shoot brighter and prevents overexposure, suitable for most light conditions.
G-sensor(Emergency Accident Lock)
Built in G-sensor, with sensibility adjustable, dash cam will automatically captures unexpected driving incidents and save the video during collision. Provide you significant evidence when something unexpected happens.
Loop Recording
Seamless Loop Recording creates video clips, automatically overwrites the oldest unlocked file to save the current file. Infinite loop recording, never miss any moment.
Parking Guard
The camera will switch to parking guard will automatically (In this mode, the G-sensor and motion detection are still standby). The camera will be activated and start recording when an exception is detected by G-Sensor and motion detection. Ensures your car’s safety while it is parked.
Water-Proof Rear Camera
The high resolution rear camera with reverse detection has stays protected from dust and water, while still delivering clear 720p recordings.
Heat and Cold temperature Resistance
The supercapacitor withstands extreme heat &cold and has far longer operational lifetime.So you don’t worried about your camera in extreme weather.
Easy to Set Up
The five buttons on the right side make it feel more comfortable, easier to operate and have a long service life. Simple installation , will immediately make this dash cam becomes your loyal driving protector.

2, denicer Car Dash Cam IR Night Vision 1080P Dashboard Camera 

New Design Dash Cam:
This camera with 4 IR LED lights greatly enhances night vision in car running in a dim environment. It come with a dashboard base and sucker cup mount that enable it to install on window shield and dashboard.
Warm Tips:
• Single recording camera supports rear cam (REAR CAMERA IS NOT INCLUDED)
• Please press “OK” to stop recording before setting.•
• We recommend using 16~32GB (class 10) SDHC card. (THE SD CARD IS NOT INCLUDED)
• Provide update firmware, manual, installation video guidance on our official website.
• 180mAh battery built in. The battery is only for emergency file back up.
Convenience Installation & Disassembly
We provide a sucker and dashboard base so that you can install it on the window shield or the dashboard. Just choose the way you like.
High Sensitivity Image Sensor
SONY 323 sensor and 4G lens are combined. It can record much better and clearer videos than other dash cams even in darkness.
Parking Monitor
24-Hour Parking Monitor makes you enjoy your trip. It keeps an eye on your car with the G-sensor function. Denicer starts recording within 10 seconds since your car receives a hit/shock.
Night Vision Assistance
Denicer Dash Camera features an industry leading high sensitivity image and IR lamps to ensure excellent night vision. The f/1.8 large aperture contributes to capturing vivid images and delivers accurate colors even in low-light environments without auxiliary lighting.
G-Sensor
G-sensor Auto allows the dash cam to automatically record when shocks in or around your car should to take place. For example, if someone tries to open the car’s doors or hit your car, the G-sensor Auto will trigger the recorder.
Loop Recording
When the storage space is full, the dashboard camera overwrites the earliest files. This will enable you to continue recording the videos without the seconds missing or frames dropping
WDR Technology
WDR technology can automatically adjust exposure providing a better view in dark environment
Support Rear Cam, But not included
You may need a rear camera for this dashcam. But this camera just supports VGA rear cam. VGA video is not clear, Some customers don’t need it. If you need it. Please search” Rear Back Camera for D100 “. Please watch VGA videos before you buy it.

3, APEMAN 1440P&1080P Dual Dash Cam FHD Front and Rear

APEMAN Dual Dash Cam C860 Series A
–Drive without fear, as your road trip is under control
• APEMAN C860 Series A supports a Class 10, 128GB max micro SD card (Not Included). Please format it on the camera before use.
• The battery of the cam is only for emergence file back up. External power is required for operation.
• If you have any questions or needs, please feel free to contact our after-sale support team: [email protected]
• Front & Rear Cameras
• Loop Recording
• Motion Detection
• Wide Dynamic Range
• G-sensor Protection
• SUPER HIGH DEFINITION
• Single front cam mode records ahead at 2560*[email protected] or 2304*[email protected] or 1920*[email protected] Both front and rear cameras record simultaneously at [email protected] The high video resolution provides you top quality picture and excellent visual experience.
• CAPTURE EVERY DETAILS
• 6 glass lens with infrared optical filter allows more clear and bright images. 150 Degree wide angle lens enables accurate and clear recordings, reducing blind zones. The 2.7 inch 16:9 LCD widescreen offers detailed view around the car.
• SIMPLE INSTALLATION
• User-friendly design makes installation and operation easier. The complete package includes car charger and its cable, a USB cable, a suction mount, a 3M hard mount and 3 pieces of the 3M sticker, a 1080P rear camera and its cable.
• EMERGENCY ACCIDENT LOCK
• Built-in G-sensor, it automatically detects the sudden shake around the car and lock the important collision footage that could be taken as proofs for preventing disputes in emergency accidents. Besides the sensitivity can be adjusted.
• NIGHT VISION
• Advanced technology helps capture smaller details not normally seen at night while driving and provides you all-round protection. It automatically adjusts exposure in low light situations and delivers clear and vivid images.
• SCREENSAVER FUCTION
• This feature is enabled by default, the screen would be off while recording, which could save more energy. So you would not be distracted while driving. If you don’t need this function, it can be turned off in the settings.
• CAREFREE DRIVING TRIP
• Never miss awesome scenes along the road trip with the multifunctional dash camera. Just enjoy the comfortable and carefree driving trip with your family. It will keep an eye on the safety of all your family and record beautiful moments.

4, Rove R2-4K Dash Cam Built in WiFi GPS 

ROVE R2-4K is today’s most advanced and powerful 4K Video Car Dash Camera featuring ‒
Novatek NT96660 Processor ∭ OV4689 Ultra Low Light Capture 4MP CMOS Sensor ∭ F1.8 Large Aperture ∭ 6-Glass Wide Angle Lens
⇨ The Hardware is meticulously designed to provides crystal clear 4K video not only during the day but also during the night time with its ultra low light capture sensor with super night vision technology
⇨ The Advanced Software is the heart of this dash camera. We have spent countless hours making its custom software for user friendliness and personalized experience that we desire in today’s world
Next Level Of Video Experience!
The ROVE R2-4K Dash Camera can record videos up to a resolution of 2160p (Ultra-HD).150° Ultra Wide A+ lens Viewing Angle allows a wider viewing angle to capture those important details side. The WDR function optimizes video quality with wider light range and image details. So you will find our camera captures clear & vivid license plates and road signs during the day as well as at night.
• Built‒In Wi-Fi & GPS ║ Free ROVE App
• Emergency Recording（G‒Sensor）
• Parking Mode ― Motion Detection
• F1.8 Large Aperture ― Captures More Light
• 360° Rotating Suction Mount
• 24-Hours Parking Monitor works on an internal battery. If someone hits your car and impact reaches the G-Sensor Level, then the camera will turn ON and record 1-min video, then LOCKS IT & SAVES IT…
• The camera will give you Voice Alert the next time it starts stating: The Parking Mode Got Activated While You Were Away.
• So you know to check the last saved video file to see who crashed your car.
• The Built-In G-Sensor gets activated by sudden collision and locks the current video file as an important evidence for further investigation.
• G-Sensor also records the 3-Axis impact data on a X-Y-Z Axis graph, so you can see and prove when and where you hit that pot hole on the road or where exactly the impact occurred on the google maps.
With the Revolutionary Super Night Vision Technology, the car dash cam can capture clearer videos and photos even in low-light night conditions. F/1.8 Largest Aperture Available + 6-Glass Wide Angle Lens with Proprietary Focal Length of the lens gives you more clear smaller details
Time-Lapse Video allows you to capture specific images per second at a much lower rate. So when you combine and play those images at the normal rate, everything seems to be moving faster in time lapse.
You have three options to choose from:
• 1 Frame/Second (Normal)
• 2 Frames/Second (Smooth)
• 4 Frames/Second (Smoother)
Screen Saver will enable the BLACK BACKGROUND after 1-min and only show the following four details to minimize the light form LCD during night. You have ability to Turn the Screen Saver OFF also if you wish.
It will show you following:
• Video Recording Status – Blinking Red Dot
• Live Speed
• Driving Direction
• Time
• Voice Guidance will give you personalized experience with ROVE R2-4K. Easy to Navigate and Understand with Voice Guidance and Confirmation.
• At ROVE, our goal is to keep working hard to make innovative hardware & software of the camera to give you that personalized experience.
• We provide updates for Camera Firmware, Software, iOS & Android App Improvements periodically for FREE.

5, APEMAN Dash Cam 1080P Full HD Mini Car Driving 

Introducing APEMAN Mini Dash Cam – C420
Warm Tips：
• Please prepare a Class 10 microSD card (NOT INCLUDED) with a capacity of 32GB and format it before first use.
• We have set the recommended settings to the default settings, you only need to change the Date&Time to get started.
• The battery of the cam is only for emergence file back up. External power is required for operation.
• If you have any questions or needs, please feel free to contact our after-sales team.
APEMAN – The brand you can trust
Testimonials
• “APEMAN C420 Dash Cam, mini exquisite shape but provides all the necessary features to secure your road trip. The upgraded Starlight sensor has outstanding performance even at night. Once plugging in the car charger, easy operation and quick start will let you start driving confidently.” – T3.com
• “This lightweight, compact (APEMAN C420) dash cam is at the higher end of the cheaper options spectrum (bear in mind that dash cams can go as high as 100-200 pounds ).” – Car Magazine
• Advanced Sensor
• Loop Recording
• Motion Detection
• Wide Dynamic Range
• G-sensor Protection
• Excellent Full HD Video Quality
• APEMAN C420 features a high-end video processor that records at 30 frames per second in 1080P resolution. It provides detailed evidence of accidents or to prevent insurance fraud.
• Superior Video Quality for Night Driving
• Thanks to advanced sensor, the f/1.8 large aperture and Wide Dynamic Range, this Dash Cam can record full high-quality videos under low-light conditions.
• Broader Field of View
• It adopts a 170° ultra wide angle all-glass lens which can monitor 3 lane without distortion. No dead angle.
• 24 Hours Parking Monitoring
• The cam will automatically record whenever it detects car vibration to protect your legal rights. Kits for this can be purchased separately to provide the ongoing power required.
• Seamless Loop Recording
• The car camera can record continuously as the oldest videos will be replaced by newest videos when memory card is full. Important clips will be locked and will not be overwritten.
• Easy to Use & Valued Added Accessories
• It comes with a complete set of accessories for your immediate use. The installation is simple and convenient – open it, install it, and start it.

6, Crosstour 1080P Car DVR Dashboard Camera Full HD 

170° WIDE-ANGLE
170°wide angle lens allows a larger viewing angle to be recorded. Easily cover 4 lanes. The more you see, the safer you are.
MOTION DETECTION
With built-in motion detection, the cam can start recording automatically in standby mode when there is a movement in front of the lens, which can protect your car and save the evidence even if you are not in the car.
3 INCH LARGE LCD SCREEN
Super large screen shows the realtime image, helps you clearly see every details when playing back and brings better visual experience. You can view the video on the dash cam without download it to your computer/phone.
BUILT-IN G-SENSOR
With built-in G-sensor, this dash cam can automatically detect a sudden shake/collision and lock the footage to prevent the video from being overwritten even in loop recording. Accident scene can be truly restored, then you can stay away from the liar and loss.
LOOP RECORDING
24 Hours Loop Recording creates video clips, automatically overwrites the oldest file to save the current file. Infinite loop recording, never miss any moment.
WDR TECHONLOGY
Suitable for situations like low light or backlight, WDR is able to restore the true colors of objects to the greatest extent.
• 3 INCH LARGE LCD SCREEN CAR RECORDER – Combined with 1080P Full HD and 12MP resolution, this dash cam can provide insurance claims to prevent disputes. Super large screen shows the realtime image, helps you clearly see every details when playing back and brings better visual experience.
• 170° WIDE-ANGLE 6G LENS CAR CAMERA – 170°wide angle lens allows a larger viewing angle to be recorded. For example, you will be able to see 4 lanes of traffic. The more you see, the safer you are. 6 glass fixed-focus provides better light transmission, thus recording crystal clear video.
• BUILT-IN G-SENSOR CAR DASH CAMERA – With built-in G-sensor, this dash cam can automatically detect a sudden shake/collision and lock the footage to prevent the video from being overwritten even in loop recording. Accident scene can be truly restored.
• BIG APERTURE AND WDR TECHNOLOGY – Combined with big aperture and wide dynamic range(WDR), you can get comparatively clearer footage and image at night. Car license plates can be easily seen in low light condition. The safety of driving at night will be improved a lot.
• 7 IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS AND EASY TO USE – Loop recording, motion detection, on/off audio, license plate stamp, time stamp, auto power off, screen saver, burst photo. All of these functions basically cover what you need for daily driving. Comes with 1 suction cup, easy to use.

7, Vantrue N2 Pro Uber Dual Dash 

Dual 1080P Front and Inside Dash Cam with Snapshot
With a 170° front facing OV4689 sensor camera and 140° rear facing sony sensor camera(80° rotatable) in one body, N2 pro shots both front and inside the cabin simutaneously in full hd 1920x1080P 30fps, perfect dash cam for taxis, Uber, rideshare, lyft drivers, commuters, and families, provides drivers and passengers with optimum protection.
Single Front 2.5K 2560x1440P/30fps or 1920x1080P/60fps
If you don’t need the inside recordings you can record with the single front facing camera, the advanced F1.8 front OV4689 lens ensures it to capture crystal-clear videos of the road front at: 2560x1440P/30fps, 2304x1296P/30fps, 1920x1080P/60fps, 1920x1080P/30fps.
Sony Sensor Infrared Night Vision
F1.8 6-glass lens front facing cam and unique HDR video system automatically balance the light and dark areas of the video, while Sony IMX323 sensor, F2.0 6-glass lens rear facing cam plus 4 IR LED lights greatly enhances night vision in car at low light environment. If you set it to AUTO ON/OFF, When low-light conditions are detected, the infrared LEDs will automatically turn on to support rear image recording, offering you and passengers a higher level of in-car safety.
Taxi Dash Cam with Voice Recorded
Built in microphone and speaker to capture high quality audio clear without distortion. Don’t want to record voice? Just one press to turn the microphone off.
24 Hours Motion Detection Parking Mode Hardwire Dash Camera
Auto switch to Parking mode when you parked your car. Triggered by the motion detection, the dash cam will auto record once the front camera or inside camera detects motion. The camera needs a constant power supply either from an external battery pack or hardwire(Asin: B07G9WTWB9).
Dash Cam Heat Resistant and Cold Resistant
Equipped with PC and ABS housing, the N2 pro dual dash cam can resist heat from -4 to 194 Deg, working temp is -4 to 158 Deg.
Dual Dash Camera with Optional GPS
Optional GPS for you to track the driving route, location and speed in either KM/H or MP/H. To use gps function, please buy an extra N2 PRO gps mount to use it(Asin: B07CYW6JXW).
Auto LCD OFF
Support auto LCD off timer which enables the lcd off automatically after the recording begins so you won’t be disturbed by another glowing rectangle on your windshield, you can also turn this function off if you prefer the LCD stays on.
LCD Rotate Function
User selectable LCD screen orientation depending on how the dashcam is mounted (windshield or dashboard), this feature allows the user to mount the dash cam on the dashboard upside down. To mount the dash cam on the dashboard, please buy an a sticky gel pad separately.
Loop Recording
Auto Starts up and records automatically when the ignition sparks up, loop recording saves the latest the videos and overwrites the oldest videos when card reaches capacity. Supports up to 256GB card max, please format on the dash cam before use.
Time Lapse
Time lapse function automatically takes photos at specified intervals and edit them together to a video clip so they can play much faster than real time. With this function on, you can record movements, changes, or events that take place over a long period of time, or just captures frames for a time lapse video of a multi-week road trip, greatly saved space on your memory card.
Date and Time stamp
Date and time stamp allowing time displayed on recording, this is especially useful if you need to use your video footage as evidence at times. Ensure that the date and the time are accurate when you install your camera.
Specification
Processor: NOVATEK NT96660
Display : 1.5 inch TFT LCD (4:3)
Image Sensor:
Front: OV4689
Rear: Sony IMX323
Front lens: 170° full 6 layer glass lens with F/1.8 wide aperture.
Rear lens: 140° F/2.0 wide aperture lens.
Video: H.264 compression; MP4
External Memory: 256GB max, micro sd card of Class 10(No Memory Card, Recommend Samsung Evo Card), works with 32GB, 64GB, 128GB, 256GB card.
USB Port: USB 2.0, Mini
Battery: 250mAh
Video Playback: Support view on PC/TV/Dash Cam
PC Operation System: Windows XP/Vista/Windows 7/Windows 8/Windows 10/Mac
What’s in the box
1X N2 Pro Dash Cam with Suction Cup Mount;
1X 3ft Mini USB Cable;
1X Car Charger with 10ft Mini USB Cable;
1X User Manual;
1X Quick Guide;
• 【Dual Lens 1080P Car Camera For Uber Lyft Taxi】Best dash cam to record car interior picked by Wirecutter. Based on powerful Novatek NT96660 CPU, advanced Sony Exmor IMX323 sensor (inside car camera) and OV4689 (front car camera) sensor, the front and inside camera simultaneously capture the road front (170°) and inside passenger cabin (140°) in crystal details at dual 1920x1080P 30fps. Or utilize the front cam only to record front at [email protected] or [email protected] to capture license plates
• 【Infrared Night Vision w/Sony Sensor】The interior facing camera utilizes a Sony IMX323 sensor, 4 IR LED lights and f/2.0 aperture, which can handle low light conditions and ensures flawless video footage even when the passenger cabin is dark. F/1.8 6-glass lens front facing cam and unique HDR video system automatically balance the light and dark areas of the video.
• 【24 Hours Parking Mode & Auto LCD OFF】24 Hours Motion activated parking mode makes the dual car camera to automatically record when it detects motion in front of your car. Auto start and record when the ignition sparks up. Auto LCD OFF timer ensure you won’t be disturbed by another glowing rectangle on your windshield. Ideal for most climates: -4° to 158°F (-20° to 70°C). Excellent audio recording with built in microphone. Time lapse function automatically takes photos at specified intervals.
• 【Looping Recording & G-Sensor & Optional GPS】Seamless Loop Recording overwrites the oldest footage with the newest upon filling a card to capacity. Variable sensitivity G-sensor auto detects sudden shake/collision and emergency locks the footage to “Event File” to prevent that video from an overwrite. Supports up to 256GB microSD cards, recommend samsung evo card. Optional GPS to track the driving route, location and speed(To use GPS function, please buy an extra gps mount Asin: B07CYW6JXW).
• 【Total Peace of Mind w/18m Warranty】Full 18m Warranty, email replies within 24H, and 100% Satisfaction Guarantee. Pay less auto insurance, your witness for accidents and insurance claims. Perfect dual lens dash cam for uber, taxis, rideshare, lyft drivers, commuters, and families. Works with 12V and 24V vehicles.

8, APEMAN Dash Cam 1080P FHD DVR Car Driving Recorder

Introducing APEMAN’s Star Product – C450 Series A
Warm Tips：
• Apeman Official Store: 【apeman store】【ApemanDirect】【JIUS】【YANTN US】 The rest are counterfeit and shoddy products.
• Please prepare a Class 10 microSD card (NOT INCLUDED) with a capacity of 32GB and format it before first use.
• We have set the recommended settings to the default settings, you only need to change the Date&Time to get started.
• The battery of the cam is only for emergence file back up. External power is required for operation.
• If you have any questions or needs, please feel free to contact our after-sales team.
APEMAN – The brand you can trust
Testimonials
• “The APEMAN C450 Series A Dash Cam has all of the features you’d expect from a decent dash cam.” – Business Insider
• “APEMAN C450 Series A Dash Cam includes all of the features you’re looking for in a dash cam that will keep you safe and secure but at a fraction of the cost of other dash cams. Set up is straightforward so you can get to using this camera as soon as you receive it.” – Lifewire
• C450 Series A Dash Cam
• Suction Mount
• Adhesive Mount
• Car Charger
• Mini USB Cable
• User Manual
• 3 Inch LCD Screen
• 1080P Full HD and large screen display the road condition in real time, providing you the best visual experience.
• Superior Night Vision
• With the WDR and HDR technology, the camera delivers clear videos with artistic qualities even in backlight or low-light situations.
• 24 hours Parking Monitoring
• Parking mode monitors your car’s surroundings while your car is parked and the engine is not running.
• 170° Ultra-wide Field of View
• Ideal for you when driving in a wide highway or large intersection without creating a fisheye effect that makes vehicles in front look further away and details harder to capture.
• Protect Video Evidence in Case of Accidents
• Automatically captures unexpected driving accidents and saves video footage of the collision. Your safety and legal rights are always under protection.
• Easy to Set Up
• The setup and operation is simple and straightforward and takes you only 3 minutes. It can be hidden behind the rear view mirror and will not distract the driver’s attention.

9, YI Smart Dash Cam

ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System)
Designed with ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System), the YI Smart Dash Camera provides real-time intelligent lane departure warnings. Equipped with Forward Collision Warnings, the camera detects the distance of the front car for further safety precautions.
165° Wide – angle Lens for a Full 3 – lane Coverage
With 165° ultra wide angle all-glass lens, the camera monitors 3 lanes comfortably. No blind spots with YI Smart Dash Camera. Enjoy your journey with YI’s highly sensitive, enabling accurate and detailed capture recordings.
H.264 Video and Emergency Recording
The YI Smart Dash Camera features a high-end video processor with 60fps recording. With a high efficient H.264 video encoding, the camera guarantees clear images in high resolution while optimizing storage space for more footage. Built with G-Sensor technology that allows the camera to automatically record any emergency situation.
High Sensitivity Imaging and Night Vision
Night vision is a key indicator of a dash camera’s performance.
YI Smart Dash Camera features an all-glass high-resolution lens, industry leading F1.8 aperture and 3.0μmx3.0μm high sensitivity image sensor to guarantee excellent night vision. With a pixel density 44% greater than 1080p, the YI Smart Dash Camera produces images clearer than you can imagine.
Built-in Wi-Fi: Single Touch Sharing
With a built-in 2.4GHz wireless module, simply open the app and connect the Dash Camera via Wi-Fi to view real-time footage or playback recordings. With the YI Smart Dash Camera, you can easily share your journey with your friends at any time, wherever you are.
6G Lens + Infrared Filter: Capture Every Moment in Detail
The 6G all glass professional lens has an infrared filter to block infrared rays and reduce glare, making HD images sharper, clearer and more realistic.
Widescreen Preview
The high transparent 2.7-inch 16:9 LCD widescreen offers a broader view which enables you to monitor the whole road while driving. With large touch buttons and easily recognizable icon designs, it makes for an intuitive experience.
• The ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) – the most advanced and optimized visual recognition algorithms ensure safe driving by providing real time Lane Departure
• Emergency recording feature – Enabled by G-sensor technology, the camera automatically saves footage in the events leading up to a collision and immediately after
• High Definition Image and First-class Night vision – 1920x1080p 60fps high speed video recording captures fast moving scenes and creates high resolution images in high speed.
• Features 165 ultra wide-angle to reduce blind spots and obtain full 3 lane coverage. F1.8 apertures (the largest in the industry) and 3.0mx3.0m high sensitivity image sensors guarantee excellent night vision
• Built – in 2.7″ TFT LCD widescreen and intuitive YI Dash Cam App – The interface features large buttons and user-friendly icons for quick recognition and intuitive operation